The Present Perfect Tense

How to form the present perfect

To make the positive present perfect tense, use:

• 'have' / 'has' + the past participle
• Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play' becomes 'played')
• There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for example, 'study' becomes 'studied')
• We also have some completely irregular verbs

(Also, here's some help if you are not sure how to pronounce '-ed' at the end of a verb).

Positive	Positive Short Form
I have played	I've played
you have worked	you've worked
he has written	he's written
she has walked	she's walked
it has rained	it's rained
we have travelled	we've travelled
they have studied	they've studied

Try an exercise about the positive form here
The negative is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

Negative	Negative Short Form
I have not eaten breakfast today	I haven't eaten
you have not been to Asia	you haven't been
he has not seen the new film	he hasn't seen
she has not played tennis	she hasn't played
it has not snowed this winter	it hasn't snowed
we have not slept all night	we haven't slept
they have not tried the food	they haven't tried

Try an exercise about the negative form here
To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject:

'Yes / No' Questions

have I missed the bus?

have you visited London?

has he worked as a waiter before?

has she met John?

has it been cold this week?

have we arrived too early?

have they studied English grammar before?

As you can imagine, for 'wh' questions, we just put the question word before 'have' or 'has':

'Wh' Questions

where have I left my umbrella?

what have you done today?

why has he gone already?

where has she been in the UK?

why has it rained so much this summer?

what have we done?

where have they learned English before?

Using the Present Perfect

When should we use the present perfect tense?

This is one of the most difficult tenses to use correctly. I hope the rules below are helpful:

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions:

Unfinished Actions

We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation: I’ve known Karen since 1994. She's lived in London for three years.

'Since' and 'For'

We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived): I've known Sam since 1992. I've liked chocolate since I was a child. She's been here since 2pm. We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months): I've known Julie for ten years. I've been hungry for hours. She's had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions

1: life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past) I have been to Tokyo. She has lived in Germany. They have visited Paris three times. We have never seen that film. Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?

2: a finished action with a result in the present (focus on result) I’ve lost my keys (so I can’t get into my house) She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today) They've missed the bus (so they will be late) I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat)

3: with an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year) I haven't seen her this month. She's drunk three cups of coffee today. This week they've been shopping four times.

Note: We can’t use the present perfect with a finished time word:
(NOT) I’ve seen him yesterday.

'Been' and 'Gone'

In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.

Been

We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to': I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live) She has been to school today (but now she's back at home) They have never been to California.

Gone

We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now: 'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now) Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico) They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan)